[ study of the growth and flourish of Gundishapur scientific centre in Sasanian period]

The Iranian-Islamic sources have testified to the importance of Gundishapour as the largest scientific center, having a medical school and one of the largest hospitals of ancient world in which renown physicians and the scholars of age, from various nationalities, were employed to teach, to do research, and to treat patients. In this scientific centre, Greek medicine linked with Indian medicine joined with Persian medicine. Various factors have influenced its growth, namely the Sasanian kings' protection of medical practices as well as physicians, the closure of Edessa school in 489 A.D, and hence the migration of numerous scholars of this centre to Nisibis and Gundishapour and finally the closure of Athens school in 529 A.D by Justinian, leading to the migration of the scholars of Athens school to Iran. In this paper, by drawing on historical and geographical sources and following the descriptive- analytical manner, we have tried to study the impact the protection of Sasanian king of sciences, and that of the closure of Edessa and Athens schools on the growth of Gundishapour

attitude of psychologists, psychiatrists, chronic psychiatric patients and ordinary viewers toward a TV series with the main character of a psychologist

Popular TV series and sitcoms have received different reactions from people of different classes. The present study was conducted to measure the positive and negative attitudes of psychologists, psychiatrists, chronic psychiatric patients and ordinary healthy viewers toward an Iranian TV series entitled 'The Physicians' Building' whose main character was a psychologist. The study tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that measured the attitude toward the mentioned TV series with 19 items based on Likert scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests. The participants were selected voluntarily and included 30 psychologists, 25 psychiatrists, 16 under-treatment psychiatric patients and 57 ordinary people [total of 128 participants]. The results showed that in most cases, psychologists' opinion about the series was different from the other groups of participants [P = .04]. Psychologists strongly emphasized on the bad influences of this TV series in the society [P = .02]. There was a significant difference between the attitudes of psychologists toward the studied TV series as compared to psychiatrists, psychiatric patients and ordinary people.

[Surveying ergonomic factors of backpack in Tehranian primary school children]

Children are in their developing years and their bones and physical structure has not yet fully developed to a point of resiliency that can withstand stress, pressure, and a modicum of physical abuse and about 90% of students are carrying backpacks. Unsuitable backpacks cause shoulder pain, back pain, low back pain and skeletal malformation. Carrying backpacks heavier than 10% of body weight is not recommended. Thus, the objective of this study was to survey adaption between student backpacks and their anthropometric dimension. In this descriptive- analytical study, 50 primary school children [10 females and 40 males] cooperated in anthropometric measurement and its comparison with their backpack dimension. 212 female school children were contributed in comparison between their backpack weight and 10% body weight. Body dimensions were measured with VICON Analyze motion system [460V, oxford, UK] and ergonomics factors for their backpacks were recorded by a checklist. Weight measured with a digital scale and BMI was calculated based on WHO software. Significant difference was shown between shoulder breath-backpack width up, waist breath - backpack width down, shoulder width-shoulder strap width and back height-backpack height. 8% backpack handles, 44%shoulder straps and 34% backpack behinds had good padding. Two percent of backpacks had waist strap and no backpacks had chest strap. 8% of shoulder straps were S shaped and 4% of backpacks were rolling. Just 28.3% backpack weights have been under 10% of body weight. Ergonomics knowledge regarding backpacks is very important for selecting and buying the right product. However, the backpack producers should also be' informed to produce ergonomics backpack. The reduction of extra items in children backpacks by parents is beneficial, but effective management programs by ministry of education is also needed for informing school administrative persons and school children about the health problem of carring un ergonomic backpacks